First Telephone

One of the most important inventions and revolutionary impact on modern communication was the invention of the telephone. The idea behind a simple telephone system, which converts sound into electrical impulses in the range of different frequencies, and then reverse this procedure to the media again, usually the human voice. It sounds simple, but it took many years, and a different picture to finally succeed with the inventors of the technology to be.

Demonstrated in the spring of 1831, Michael Faraday, that vibrations of metal could be converted into electrical impulses. This is the basic principle of the phone but no one of the technology until 1861, when the German inventor Johann Reis managed to find the audio device into electricity and back to the building. Camera has many shortcomings, not capable of transmitting multiple frequencies, and thus never fully developed.

The idea was to experiment by two people in the United States, which began at the same time and create what is known as the phone, developed. Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell (inventor of Scotland), both of which are working hard to produce materials, and rightly ask a patent within hours of each other, Bell hit his opponent with just two hours 14th February 1876.

Although the strengthening of the diaphragm first Gray / receiving electromagnetic two years earlier, he was not able to work to produce versions of the transmitter until after Bell. Bell has been working hard, while Gray was frustrated by the tedious process of discovery.

First, understand that the phone would be between Bell and his assistant, who are placed in another room. Bell said: "Come here Watson, I want you," Watson was able to hear over the phone and ended the phone discovery. Formed Bell Telephone Company (AT & T) and was immediately in the major phone companies have.

The following year, in 1877 became the first telecommunications system in Hartford, Connecticut, during the first exchange that connects the two cities was established between Boston and New York in 1883. London hosted the first exchange is conducted outside the United States in 1879. But the system was when the exchange is dominated by large operators with a number of operators who manually switching to the invitation.

Patented the first automatic exchange of Almon Strowger in 1891 and planted in 1892, although the manual switchboards remained until the middle of the twentieth century. In 1889, William Gray has a coin-operated telephone and mobile phone manufactures in the first round of the French, Antoine Barnay in 1923 found.

Bell Telephone Company and developed a mobile phone from a police car in New York in 1924. The first commercial mobile was founded in 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri, has but for the next four decades.

System sounds, audio, instead of electrical impulses, installed in 1941, but the need to move the center to have the idea of doing much, but the Bell companies want the potential of the work of this show. When an electrical circuit, lower prices, would show the system can be used in ordinary households, which took place in 1962.

AT & T began experiments with cells of mobile technologies, mainly based on hexagonal geographical regions. Although the call from one cell to another, the communication link remain intact, automatically switching to the new cell without interference. This is the basis for developing cell phone technology in the United States in 1983.

The discovery of the phone is recognized a hot topic in the circle of the inventor and the inventor is less clear. Many believe that Alexander Graham Bell, while others believe that Antonio Meucci, Johann Philipp Reis and Elisha Gray.

Wrong Way Around Star

A team of scientists has discovered a new planet orbiting in the wrong way around the host star. Planet called WASP-17, and orbiting a star 1000 light years of the WASP project in collaboration with the Geneva Observatory discovered the British. The discovery sheds new light on how planetary systems form and evolve to develop, it was announced August 12, in a paper to Astrophysical Journal, submitted.

Since all planets form from swirling clouds of gas that form stars, they are expected to work in the same direction as the rotation of the star. David Anderson, a PhD student at the University of Keele and Amaury Triaud, the Observatory of Geneva, was surprised that WASP-17 job in the wrong direction, so the first planet in orbit '`` resign. Possible explanation is that the wasp was 17 years old involved in a collision with another planet early in its history.

WASP-17 appears to be victims of the planetary system, billiard game, in an unusual orbit, with an encounter with the planet `` Bruder''geworfen. Can prevail professor Coel Hellier of Keele University said: "Shakespeare said that the two planets can not take the same path of the two kings of England was right, WASP-17 has shown that was right."

David Anderson added: "The solar system can be recreated scene of violence. Our own moon is thought to be caused only by the size of Mars collided Planet Earth, which was founded recently and debris cloud that month into a lift . A near-collision in the first intensive phase of planetary systems, may also lead to gravitational slingshot throw, WASP-17 back into the orbit.

The first indication that the WASP-17 is unusual. Although only half the mass of Jupiter, has swollen to almost twice as large as Jupiter and is the largest known planet.

Astronomers have long wondered why some extrasolar planets are much larger than expected, and WASP 17-point declaration. The distribution is highly elliptical retrograde orbit would have the highs and lows experienced intense. Place the compression and expansion would heat the gas giant planet now, very swollen size. "This planet is as solid as foam, are seventy times denser than the earth, we," writes Professor Hellier.

Professor Keith Mason, CEO of Science and Technology Facilities Council funds research, said: "It is amazing, and the victory for the WASP team. Not only are these remote and mysterious planet, but more about how the system of planets like our own solar system formation and evolution. The WASP team proved once again why the project is currently the most successful project in the world of exoplanets in transit. "

WASP-17 were 17 new exoplanets (planets outside our solar system) by the extended search for planets (WASP) discovers consortium of universities in the United Kingdom. WASP team discovered the planet with a series of cameras, one hundred thousand stars, monitor, looking for small dips in light when a planet transits to them. Geneva Observatory, and the mass of the WASP-17 has shown that the mass is entitled to a planet. The WASP-South camera array, which led to the discovery of WASP-17 feet of the South African Astronomical Observatory.

How Television Invented?

TVs are not a person but a group created by employees. The basic idea is based on the photoconductivity of selenium by Willoughby Smith was actually founded in 1873. All television pictures with a digital signal representation of the period, reversing and then translated by the human eye.

January 26, 1926, showed that public television John Logie Baird first move, which will broadcast live images. A few months later, July 3, 1928, Baird demonstrated the first color. In 1923, Charles Francis Jenkins's own broadcast of the original version of the television.

Strangely, the black and white television to color television was patented fully functional. Could the reason that the inventor knew, and everybody wants to assert their own ideas.

Camarena create "Chromoscopic adapter for TVs, which provides the basis for the mechanism of transfer of color. He has a patent for color television picture received September 15, 1942 was amended in 1960 and 1962.

Electronic systems are generally based on examination of both Philo Taylor Farnsworth and Vladimir Zworykin, television broadcast mass clearly in the modern world.

The first regular broadcasts from Germany, in 1935, send a picture with 180 lines of the image. 2 years later, these lines has risen to 441 in an attempt to improve quality.

Outside the market in Germany is the first in Great Britain, 1936, in Alexandria Place. Baird system was introduced, but only work 4 months, because it contains 240 lines, while his successor, Marconi-EMI system, which contains 405 lines and provide the quality of the image larger.

It took almost 20 years before television became common in American households, as in the programming of the mid-1950s in most houses in the world, is typical.

Pizza and Robot

The robots have many advantages, but when it comes to the manipulation of objects, they can sometimes all fingers and thumbs. Now, a team of Japanese engineers who are not can be a source of inspiration to the robots' dexterity: Pizza Lounge.

The robots have many advantages, but when it comes to the manipulation of objects, they can sometimes all fingers and thumbs. Now, a team of Japanese engineers who are not can be a source of inspiration to the robots' dexterity: Pizza Lounge.

"An Italian chef handles dextrously pizza in the oven with a tool called a pizza peel," said Makoto Kaneko, head of the team from Osaka University. A pizza peel is made up of a little more than a flat blade at the lower end of a long pole, but the boss to waive Pizza surprising degree. Kaneko team design a robot based on the pizza peel, with the robot, together with the control.

A pizza peel can be head with two degrees of freedom - and forth and twisting of the rod. However, in a combination of the two movements can be used, degree of freedom and play the horizontal pizza. Osaka, the team of robot "hands" has the same capacity, a robot for handling objects with precision. This study will be published in IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

Apart from the simple mechanical fingers, this approach has the advantage that none of the needs of electronic or mechanical manipulator itself. This should be done for robot manipulators that must be used with little space or difficult environments.

Nanoyarn

Carbon nanotubes at the entrance to the show in 1991, visionaries and futurists have one day. The structure, heat, electricity, and this feature cylindrical molecules of carbon, which is, in theory, they can be used to build a strong structure of the unusual, like the space elevator, which is 62,000 miles Earth, or exceptional, compact and fast digital computers. In practice, however, is difficult to mass-produce nanotubes are long enough for engineers to do something extraordinary. Now NANOCOMP Technologies, headquartered in Concord, New Hampshire, tried to order the immediate future of the manufacturer, in bulk, and son of films of carbon nanotubes.

At the atomic scale, such as carbon nanotubes, rolled-up tube of chicken wire, and not just metal, the tube is made of hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms. Each tube is about one nanometer (billionth of a meter) in diameter, then the name. Today, the nanotubes are generally in a segment about 10,000 nanometers in length, black powder. This powder is only a small fraction of the properties of nanotubes. NANOCOMP said he could TEN nanotubes to a hundred times, the son of training and sheets of carbon (up to one kilometer length of wire, the best tensile strength of steel, and scores in the 18-square feet).